Abstract: The deployment of remote sensing sensors on the Moon can realize long-term, overall and stable Earth observation and improve the observation ability of the existing system. In particular, from the outside of the Earth system, the Moon-based remote sensors can observe the evolution process of the earth system and the interaction and influence between the earth system and its exterior. This paper discusses the research progress of Moon-based earth observation in detail from four aspects: scientific objectives, sensor technology, parameter simulation and estimation methods and observatory location. The key scientific problems are analyzed, and a series of new models and methods are summarized. At the end of this paper, some suggestions for the development of Moon-based Earth observation are put forward.