Abstract: Near-Earth asteroid impacts represent a significant and long-term potential threat to humanity. Defending against near-Earth asteroids has become an emerging focus and frontier in deep space exploration. The current status of international organizations such as the United Nations, as well as countries including the United States, Europe, and Russia, was systematically investigated in terms of management systems and technological frameworks for near-Earth asteroid defense. The current state of China’s defense system was reviewed, future development goals were discussed, and key development directions, including monitoring and early warning, on-orbit mitigation, disaster response, and routine system preparedness, were proposed, providing reference and guidance for building China’s near-Earth asteroid defense system.