Abstract: The development history and technological evolution of aerospace reusable transportation systems are systematically analyzed. Based on application scenarios including near-Earth space, Earth-Moon（Mars）space, and deep space, the conceptual framework, technical pathways, and associated challenges of reusable transportation systems are proposed. Eight critical technologies requiring breakthroughs in various scenarios are explored, along with principles and methodologies for establishing a standardized system for reusable transportation systems. This study is expected to provide guidance and references for fundamental research, applied studies, and innovative deep-space exploration paradigms related to future aerospace reusable transportation systems.